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Although sometimes cosmetic eyebrow tattooing is a necessary step in the reconstruction of a face following a traumatic accident, it can also be used for patients who have sparse eyebrows and do not want to apply brow liner daily. Most of the time, these patients are women who are concerned about the way that their eyebrows frame their face. Some patients are allergic to cosmetics or have poor eyesight and cannot apply their makeup correctly. In these and other cases, cosmetic eyebrow tattooing is a viable option. Sometimes the tattoo is a permanent tattoo done purely for cosmetic purposes.

Eyebrow Tattoo Surgery – Finding a Surgeon

Finding a licensed and qualified technician to perform the cosmetic eyebrow tattooing may be difficult for a patient. Many people may claim to be qualified to do the procedure, when in fact their experience lies mostly in body tattoos. It is a subtle art that makes a technician able to do cosmetic eyebrow tattooing well and it also takes a fair amount of experience to make permanent eyebrows look natural. A patient can speak with friends and colleagues to see if anyone knows of someone who is reputable. If the patient wishes to be more discreet, then they can contact a plastic surgeon’s office or the local academy of plastic surgeons to see who they recommend.

Ideal Candidates for Eyebrow Tattoo Surgery

The ideal candidate for cosmetic eyebrow tattooing is one that is in good health and has realistic expectations of the procedure. The cosmetic eyebrow procedure will not return the area to a completely normal look, but will make the overall appearance of the patient more refined and balanced. Patients who are allergic or sensitive to makeup, have skin or hair loss disorders, illnesses, or just lack the time to put on makeup are all considered good candidates for the cosmetic eyebrow tattooing.

Eyebrow Tattoo Surgery – Consultation

In the initial consultation, the physician and patient will discuss the probable outcomes of the cosmetic eyebrow tattooing. Many physicians will have former patient pictures available for the new patient to examine. This will give the patient a good idea as to what can be achieved by the cosmetic eyebrow tattoo technician. The doctor will examine the eyebrow area and determine what can be done with the cosmetic eyebrow tattooing. Risks and anesthesia options will also be discussed in the initial consultation. A complete medical history will be taken in order to inform the doctor of any medical conditions or prescriptions that might interfere with the results.

Eyebrow Tattoo Surgery – Procedure

The permanent makeup tattoo that is applied is made up of vegetable products that are injected into the skin. After an anesthetic ointment is applied, tiny needles are used to inject the coloring and are sometimes seen on a rotary coil instrument. The tip is dipped into the dye and then the needle is placed into the skin in cosmetic eyebrow tattooing. Some bleeding may occur as the skin is punctured, but it will be minimal. Most cosmetic eyebrow tattooing procedures last an hour, but it depends on the extent of the work that needs to be done. At the end of the session, the area will be cleaned and an antiseptic cream will be applied. Eyebrow tattooing requires fine work to look good. To achieve this, the tattoos are often applied by hand rather than with electric needles. The technician can achieve much finer and pleasing results by hand, but this also makes the procedure longer.

Eyebrow Tattoo Surgery – Risks

Although the risks associated with cosmetic eyebrow tattooing are rare, they do occur. In very few cases, the patient can have an allergic reaction to the dye that is used. Infection is another main concern following the cosmetic eyebrow tattooing. Not following the physician’s orders after the cosmetic eyebrow tattooing procedure can lead to a delay in healing and cause unwanted results. If a patient is unhappy with the results of the cosmetic eyebrow tattooing, laser skin resurfacing may help to remove the coloring, but may not be able to remove it entirely.



By: Brad Jones

Getting a tattoo is a decision that shouldn’t be taken lightly. If you are like most first timers then you will be weighing up the pros and cons of tattoos over and over again in your mind. I know that I did until I eventually plucked up the courage and got my first tattoo. What I found was that when I did get my first tat, I was ready for it after considering all the pros and cons. I know what you are going through, but really do your homework before rushing in.

It’s got to the stage where it’s almost a case of who hasn’t got a tattoo? That is a vast shift from days gone by where tattoos were mainly found amongst bikies.

These days, people from all walks of life get tattoos for a wide variety of reasons. Some may be cultural, some may be to remember a deceased loved one, some may be for a lost love and even some sporting club members may decide on a tattoo to celebrate a momentous victory. As well as that, many tattoos are applied because they look good and it is a trendy thing to do.

There are big tattoos and there are little tattoos. There are tattoos that nobody apart from a lover would see and there are tattoos out there for all the world to see. It comes back to individual choice and you can have any number of styles and designs that you could possibly imagine. No matter what, there are pros and cons of tattoos and it is invariably up to the individual whether they get tattooed or not. It is certainly a decision that YOU must make because YOU are the one that will wear it forever. In many cases, tattoos can look fantastic, even sexy. Like most things in life, there is a balance between looking hot and looking not so hot. One needs to be very careful not to tip the scale in the wrong direction.   

The cons are many. First of all, there are some very bad designs out there. A bad design can ruin the entire process so choose carefully. There are some fantastic online sites that have an enormous amount of individual and well designed tattoos, so before you rush into it, have a look at these. Having a tattoo applied is no problem for a lot of people but some really struggle having their skin pierced with a needle. Make sure that you go to a reputable tattoo artist preferably one who has been recommended. While you shouldn’t have an issue, there is still a risk of infection if the equipment is not cleaned properly before you get your job done or the artist has poor hygiene practices.

One of the major cons is what if you are no longer happy with your tattoo? It is certainly a major issue if you want the tattoo removed. First, there is a significant cost and there is no guarantee that you won’t be able to tell that there was a tattoo there in the first place. If you are thinking of getting a tattoo, then you really should be thinking that it is there forever. 

While tattoos are the “in thing” the pros and cons of tattoos need to be carefully weighed up. If you are not sure, it is probably better not to go ahead. It may be better to think about it for a while. As you well know, the tattoo will not go away as you age. It is with you forever. If you do decide to go ahead after carefully weighing up the pros and cons of tattoos, make sure you select the right design and have it in the right place. Initially, discretion may be a safer option, particularly if it is your first one.

Did you know that of those who regret getting a tattoo, the majority regret it because the design was not right.

By visiting Design Tattoos Online you will know exactly what your tattoo will look like when your favorite artist applies it to your body. By doing this, you will have no regrets in relation to the design you choose.

By: Marty Barton

Eye Beauty Enhancement Tips from Melany Whitney CPCP, DAAM

Melany Whitney is an expert permanent cosmetics technician. She is highly regarded by the press and others in her industry and has become the “voice” for permanent cosmetics; regularly interviewed on national television and for fashion magazines. In this interesting article you are sure to learn a few new tips to enhance your eyes even if you don’t wear permanent cosmetics.

If you are considering permanent makeup for the first time, you’ve got lots of questions. This article will help you to understand why permanent cosmetics should be your new beauty enhancement. With a permanent makeup application there is literally no “down time”, you’ll be ready to show off your new prettier you right after your procedure.

If you are looking for freedom from makeup, permanent makeup can give you the freedom to look your best at anytime. You can transition immediately from work to an evening out without having to be a slave to the mirror for touch ups; just a quick powder and you’re out the door.

For this special piece, we’ve interviewed Melany Whitney on how she beautifies and enhances eyes permanently. We think that you will find her artistic insight interesting reading.

Interviewer: Melany, you do such a wonderful job on enhancing eye beauty, but don’t clients get uncomfortable with you working so close to their eyes with needles?

Melany: Let me explain a little about the eye area first. The eyelids are literally the two folds of skin that shield the eyeball. The upper eyelid is larger and more moveable. It regulates the opening and closing of the eye with the help of the Orbicularis Palpebrarum muscle. Lower lid movement is slight. The eyelids act to sweep dirt from the surface of the eye, protecting it from injury, and helping distribute tear fluid.

As a permanent cosmetic practitioner, I am frequently working in close proximity to the eye and over the major protection for the eye, the eyelid. This is the biggest fear that my clients have – can I go into their actual eyeball during a procedure? Well, because the eyelids are the protection for the eye – I only work with a closed lid – thus protecting the eyeball at all times. I hold the lid firmly, but gently, in order to get enough stretch for pigment retention in that area. Poking a client in the eye has never been a concern for me a seasoned technician. The part of the eyelid that I work on is thicker at the margin – called the Tarsal Ridge. This is where most technicians DO NOT put color because it is actually more difficult to do, if one is not familiar with the physiology of that area.

Interviewer: So do you put color there in the Tarsal Ridge?

Melany: Yes, I feel that any eye lining procedure is not complete without some darkness being put in between the client’s eyelashes (the Tarsal ridge area) to give the appearance of a fuller and thicker lash base. It usually is an area in which you simply cannot get conventional eyeliner – so that the line you get with over the counter products, winds up accentuating the thinning of our lash line instead of plumping it up.

I always include this lash enhancement, which in most cases is all that is needed, to give one a “brighter and open eyed” look. It is natural and cannot be easily detected as “added”. You can go to sleep, wake up, swim, sweat, etc. without “tell tale raccoon eyes”.

Interviewer: What about the client who wants a more dramatic look?

Melany: If my client wishes a bit more thickness or darkness to that upper lash line, I can add a tad thicker line in that area to make that area even more outstanding. At the same time, I try to keep a “soft edge” to both the top and bottom liners for that all important natural appearance.

Interviewer: What about the lower lid, I think you do something different there don’t you?

Melany: Yes I do, the lower liner is definitely treated a bit differently than the top liner. It needs to be put in-between each bottom lash and in a more of a stippled or connected dots technique. Due to the natural salt we have in our tears – the bottom line will always fade a lot more than the top and give a softer effect – but a very important one. Without bottom definition, your eyes tend to look droopy and tired. Done correctly, which means, NOT done with a thick application, the liner will actually make your eyes “pop”. If not done in just that precise way, a thick black liner will tend to “close the eye up”.

Interviewer: What about color selections and what colors should not be used?

Melany: The choices in color for eyeliner have basically come down to black and black brown. Color can actually be applied as a shadow above the liner (permanently or by conventional means) if desired later. If you understand color theory – the reason you should not rim your eyes with a medium or light brown is that those browns tend to have too much warmth or red tones in them and can give your eyes a “rabbit eye” (pink) effect. 

Interviewer: Any other important tips for us today on eyeliner?

Melany: Another VERY important tip is that eyeliners should NOT go past the last lash in any direction (top or bottom). This is due to the fact that if done in the medial area or outer Canthus area of the eye, you could experience “migration”, weeping or bleeding of the color under the skin, where it is not supposed to be. I am asked many times to pass these parameters and decline. Better safe than sorry in these instances!

Another comment I’d like to make is that all black eyeliner pigments have “blue” in them. This blue will eventually come out months to years down the road. This has never been a “negative” to be concerned about, since all eyes look great with the smallest bit of blue or charcoal around them. Actually this “fading” tends to make light blue eyes a bit greener looking! This does not indicate that your technician is using “common” tattoo ink in your liner – it is simply a reality of the color black.

Interviewer: What great tips and insights into how you enhance eyes permanently. I think that even if you don’t wear permanent cosmetics that your tips about color and placement of liner every woman can use to improve her personal eye beauty even with removable makeup.

By: Joan Freedman

Earlier tattoo removal techniques included methods such as dermabrasion; this is where the skin is sanded so that it removes both the surface layer and the middle layer of skin, the doctor then removes the tattoo with a scalpel and stitches the wound closed, this method usually results in excessive scarring to the skin.

With the increasing popularity of various cosmetic surgery procedures, including tattoo removal, it is imperative that the prospective patient research and understand different issues like what the procedure can and cannot treat inherent risks, costs, and other considerations. Keep in mind, cosmetic surgery is just that – a surgical procedure whose results cannot simply be erased.

Generally, experts emphasize that to date there is no form of tattoo removal that can guarantee your skin will look like it did before the tattoo. Experts point out that the process can leave some scarring or skin discoloration. Depending on the tattoo itself and the skin of the patient, results vary.

You might have seen a tattoo removal in which the skin was scarred in roughly the shape of the original tattoo. Pigment in the removal area might be slightly lighter or darker than surrounding skin. If a small tattoo is removed from an ankle, it isn’t very noticeable. However, a large tattoo removed from a bicep is quite noticeable. Though methods are always improving, possible scarring must be weighed against how much one wants to rid oneself of the tattoo.

Tattoo Removal Methods:

The basic types of tattoo removal are laser surgery, including Intense Pulsed Light therapy (IPL), excision, and dermabrasion. All effective tattoo removal methods involve some pain, and the most effective methods can be quite expensive.

Excision

Another popular method of tattoo removal especially when the dyed area is small is by excision. The advantage of this method is that the entire tattoo can be removed. With larger tattoos, however, it may be necessary to excise in stages, removing the center of it initially and the sides at a later date.

Dermabrasion

Another method of tattoo removal is called dermabrasion in which a small portion of the tattoo is sprayed with a solution that freezes the area. The tattoo is then “sanded” with a rotary abrasive instrument causing the skin to peel. Because some bleeding is likely to occur, a dressing is immediately applied to the area.

Laser

The surgeon can control the width of the laser beam as well as the wavelength (or color) of the light. Different wavelengths are used to destroy different colors of ink. Precise focusing makes it possible to eliminate the tattoo without damaging the surrounding skin.

Two to six treatments are usually needed, depending on the size of the tattoo. The treatment is relatively painless. Patients have described the sensation like a lightly stretched rubber band snapped against the skin. Afterwards, the treated area may feel somewhat like mild sunburn. The tattoo fades as the area heals, usually disappearing completely within a month or two. Not all tattoos, however, can be removed completely and leave just a shadow.

Another option to tattoo removal is to have the tattoo redone and improved by a professional tattoo artist. This can solve the problem if the tattoo is simply blurred or amateurish. There are also tattoo artists who specialize in tattooing over old tattoos with a new, completely different design. This solution is also less expensive than tattoo removal.

By: Subhash

jaltoni2004 asked:

Need to remove tatoo a small one. How would I do so?

Amazing tattoo removal method revealed

ck55 asked:


I have a fairly large tattoo piece of a phoenix. The stuff I use is H2Ocean care. It’s aftercare cream for tattoos. Will it ruin my tat if I continue to use it 4-5 times a day?

Tattoo sleeves: Attitude without needle

jack asked:

Is it cheaper than the u.s? do they do a good job? I live in san diego so im thinkin around T.J.

Check out some more more TATOO removal videos

Dr. Samuel Waknine talks to New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson, Chief Medical Officer; Dental Visits Midtown Manhattan NYC Center for Cosmetic Dentistry, about the importance and advantages of using optimum materials in modern restorative dentistry. Dr. Waknine is President of DRM Research Labs, which is mostly involved in research and development. He lectures at the academic and private sector level, providing either operative or technological instruction to clinicians and technologists, the world over.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: Do you think the Central and Eastern European or the markets of the United States are ready for products with high aesthetic quality and state of- the-art materials?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: I think so! I have had a vast amount of experience lecturing worldwide and interacting both in the industrial sector as well as in the clinical and academic sector with many technologists, professors and clinicians whether it is in Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Poland or Russia. Indeed such materials are becoming more and more popular in those venues due to the fact that firstly, they are easier to use, secondly, they require less machinery and equipment in the laboratory and thirdly, chair-side time is significantly reduced.

The main disadvantages to this more sophisticated material is that it requires a dry field of operation during the momentary placement procedure, however, I think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages due to the fact that one has a material that is functional, aesthetic, matches tooth color, that is serviceable and is biocompatible, healthier overall compared to the traditional silver amalgam fillings and the standard crown and bridge alloys; nickel chrome, chrome-cobalt and silver-palladium products.

With traditional materials it takes two to three days and an innumerable amount of equipment, instruments and adjunct materials before a crown or a bridge is fabricated, whereas with our materials one is able to fabricate a rather vast or large restoration in less than one hour. So from a time, effort and equipment perspective, this is the preferred methodology for the laboratory.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: Are there any other advantages of modern restorative materials?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: If we look at dental restoration in a chronological manner from infancy to adulthood, from pediatric dentistry to geriatric dentistry, we start out with a little tiny one-surface cavity, that escalates to a two-surface filling, then possibly leaks and has to be repaired and becomes a pin-retented three – or four-surface silver amalgam filling undermining the surrounding enamel, and then onward to a crown (usually poorly adapted or sealed), followed by endodontic treatment and a post/core build-up encapsulated by a crown prosthesis and possibly an extraction, even a bridge, usually non precious alloy (porcelain fused to metal), subsequent alveolar bone resorption and then possibly a removable prosthesis; partial or denture followed by ridge augmentation and possibly an implant.

Because silver amalgams are very limited they usually have to be repaired somewhere down the line. By the time they have to be repaired, the carious lesion site usually has progressed so vastly that it invariably turns into a three-quarter crown or a full crown. On occasions, one even has to resort to crown and bridgework.

The approach with the new modern poly-ceram restorative materials is that if one can achieve a very good seal at a tooth restorative interface, which is really the hub or area of concentration of the technology, and then one can reduce the possibility of having to remake the restoration and ensue this very tedious and complicated voyage. This is not the case with the advanced restorative materials. If there is a failure it tends to be rather minor and require very quick patch-up and repair at the adhesive interface and so the incidences of secondary caries, remakes or repairs is significantly lower in potential expenditure and tooth loss. Which is a massive advantage whether you are in Prague, London or New York City.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: What about the issue of durability?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: That is a very good point. There is a propensity to judge today’s restoratives of the poly-ceram category by ‘bunching them’ with those of 40 years ago, particularly among dentists who were accustomed to those products then. However, composites or bonding materials from 40 years ago are a far cry from what is available today. Since then, we have gone through about seven generations of products and probably tens of thousands of research projects documented in the form of manuscripts and patents, so there has been a good deal of innovative progression in this field of technology.

Consequently, today there are several products that are very reliable. From the perspective of wear resistance, today’s restoratives are able to sustain wear that is as low as three micrometers per year – which rivals actual enamel. This compares with 40 years ago when it was 150 micrometers per year. According to statistics from pooled clinical data, today’s restoratives have an average half-life of 17-22 years, which is very close to a silver amalgam restoration and or porcelain fused to metal crown. From a color stability perspective these products no longer have residual oxide by-products, they tend to be very stable and tend to maintain their anatomical form, contour and texture and overall physico-mechanical functional state. So yes, there are still some materials today that are not very reliable, and then, there are a few materials that are extremely advanced and are capable of rivaling any metallurgical or ceramic adjunct material.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: Would you say that while these materials might perhaps be slightly more expensive, in the long run they save so much time that they work out to be more economical?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: Well, cost is certainly one element, but in today’s society people are more health conscious and aesthetically aware, which are also factors that need to be considered. I think that a silver restoration for a posterior molar tooth is 50/50. No one looks back there so it may not be too important. However, for an anterior restoration there is really no choice in the matter, the thought of seeing gold or silver as you smile is rather awkward, therefore, more aesthetically pleasing materials become a matter of necessity. So for the anterior sector of the intra-oral environment it is a necessity. Furthermore, as far as the laboratory technician is concerned, modern materials are quicker and easier to use so there is really no reason why they should not be chosen.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: Could you tell us a little about the history of dental restorations and the advances that have been made in recent years?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: Traditionally, metallurgical materials were used for restorations. This was a very well established practice for the best part of 150 years. In the case of fillings, silver amalgams were used to a large extent worldwide. These amalgams are 50 percent powder – composed of silver, tin, copper and a trace amount of zinc, and 50 percent liquid – which is pure mercury – amalgamated to form a paste, which is placed into the cavity. The silver amalgamates by reacting with the free mercury, while the copper interacts with the tin to create a cupric-tin complex strengthening/hardening interphase and the zinc acts like a scavenger to rid any unreacted metallic oxide residue. This material is not very technique sensitive, with near zero handling/manipulation error characteristics, so it’s advantageous to the clinician due to the fact that it can be placed in a slightly moist environment, forgiving to isolation technique acuity, in lieu of deleterious effects to its tooth-margin interfacial integrity. However, there are serious disadvantages to this type of silver amalgam material in comparison to the modern poly-ceram composite fillings.

The silver amalgam is not tooth colored and is rather obvious when placed in the anterior sector of the oral environment. However, the modern poly-ceram composite can attain a near perfect tooth color match. Further, in the event the silver amalgam is applied beyond one third of the cuspal incline, it tends to undermine the surrounding thin-walled remaining enamel leading to cuspal fracture and/or radial cracks compromising the retentive surrounding tooth aspects, or the restoration itself. The poly-ceram is capable of achieving a chemical bond-linkage to the underlying organic dentin and a micro-mechanical bond to the surrounding enamel honeycomb prismatic structure with the aid of modern seventh generation adhesive technology.

This allows for a more conservative approach to tooth preparation guidelines criteria, with a greater emphasis on conservation of sound non-carious tooth structure. Conversely, such advances in adhesion technology have allowed for more substantial, larger restorations, in lieu of hampering the strength of the remaining tooth structure, especially with the advent of extra-oral processed inlay-onlay (three-quarter)-crown luted cemented restorations.

The metallurgical silver-amalgam product is electrically conductive, so it is not the most pleasant material to have in your mouth. By contrast, the poly-ceram composite filling is electrically non-conductive. The silver amalgam also undergoes an abrasion phenomenon leading to degradation, allowing the leaching of certain mercuric contents from the filling, which have been known to affect certain kidney and liver enzymes and even permeate the blood brain barrier. Although, the mercuric salt differs from the free mercury in its unamalgamated form, this remains a controversial issue.

Whereas the poly-ceram composites of the 1960s ensued upward of 150 micron wears per year, today’s (circa 1993-2003) modern poly-ceram composites are able to sustain a clinical wear rate of 3-35 microns per year, a pivotal improvement. The corrosion by-product of the dental silver amalgam serendipitously seals the tooth restoration margin, in lieu of chemical adhesion, otherwise known as the Gamma-II Phase. In order to passivate this corrosion phenomena, both marginal breakdown, surface pit-corrosion patterns and tarnish, high copper amalgams were innovated, however, a clear disadvantage of the accentuation of the Gamma-I Phase is that it leads to more prevalent bulk fracture and facilitated mercuric salt by-product release.

The G.V. Black rules of cavity preparation protocol innovated in 1898, and still practiced today, state the necessity of ‘extension for prevention’, in other words extending the cavity preparation/excavation beyond the carious limit zone in order to prevent recurring caries, thereby, consuming more tooth structure. In addition, due to the fact that silver amalgams do not chemically adhere to tooth structure, creating diatoric forms, undercuts, channeling and macro-mechanical retentive sites during the cavity preparation is both necessary to retent the amalgam as well as deleterious in sacrificing more sound tooth structure. On such occasion that the tooth preparation has been compromised to a great extent, the tendency is to use gold retentive pins in order to anchor and sustain the silver-mercury admix, a further unnecessary invasive step.

Previous research has shown that a silver amalgam ‘MOD’ 3- surface, slot-like cavity preparation, restored class II molar tooth, sustains only 50 percent of a sound unrestored molar intercuspal flexural strength. Further, a modern poly-ceram composite restoration strengthens the tooth to 2xfold its potential intercuspal transverse strength. Silver amalgams used in large class II molar restorations; invariably cause a tattoo phenomenon of permanent tooth discoloration to a violet-gray/green tinge and even brown/black tint, this is quite evident when a clinician attempts the removal, replacement or repair of a failing old silver-amalgam restoration. This is not the case with modern poly-ceram composite filling materials. As a consequence, such restorations have, over the past 20-25 years, become less and less popular and alternatives, otherwise known as bonding or white fillings (or more prevalently known as composites) are now available.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: Could you tell us about your particular area of specialty?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: At DRM Research Labs our area of specialty lies with these alternative restorations, which are composed of polymeric materials and glass ceramic fillers for reinforcement. Such restorations are used for a plethora of intraoral care including liners, cement, sealants, class V cervical erosion sites, and direct fillings, class I, II, III and IV in anterior and posterior tooth restoration. They were originally available in auto cure format (2-part systems) throughout the 1950-60s, then in photo cure UV-light initiated (200-400 nanometers). In the early 1970s and in the late 1970s the entire industry merged to photo cure blue or halogen light cure materials, which are initiated by a blue light ranging from 400 to 700 nanometers wavelength irradiated for 10-40 seconds. The light triggers a free-radical addition reaction in the material that converts it from a monomer (liquid state) to a polymer (solid form), hardened material.

Such materials have experienced a lot of problems, most of which have been resolved over the years, as the technology has become more refined. Our area of concentration and original innovation is the semi-crystalline poly-ceram nano-reinforced technology, and the particular line adjunct and borne of this pivotal innovation is the Diamond product line. There is an entire series affiliated with this ranging from the advanced adhesive, DiamondBond, the liner/cement/sealant, DiamondLink, the filling material, DiamondLite to the prosthodontic, crown and bridge system, DiamondCrown. It is the crystalline morphology and special oligomer-ceram interfacial characteristics that affords these materials certain physical, mechanical, optical and wear resistance properties that rival the standard amorphous polymer composites.

This special technology has afforded improved color stability, better tooth color matching ability, significantly higher fracture strength resistance, near-zero leaching/solubility, tremendous wear resistance, negligible polymerization-contraction forces, shrinkage, substantially improved tooth-adhesive marginal integrity due to advanced bonding mechanisms, biocompatible formulation and remarkable toughness, shock absorbing character, carrying this technology above the norm of the restorative niche into the realm of reconstructive materials, including prosthetics and implantology.

Of special interest is field prosthodontics and implantology due to the fact that the traditional superstructure encapsulating or crowning the underlying metallic alloy substructure is usually dental porcelain characterized as a very hard and brittle surface that is relatively unforgiving and complex in its laboratory application methodology. The PFM (porcelain fused to metal) restoration, although very popular, is infused with a spectrum of relative disadvantages:

i. The mechanical properties of dental porcelain exhibit an unusually hard material, four times that of natural tooth structure, which is rather non-forgiving, wears opposing dentition, weak in tension and flexure mode (low strength), and most importantly attains very low toughness, hence, unable to dissipate cyclic masticatory energy. Therefore, it is prone to fracture, delamination from the underlying retentive metal framework, eventually necessitating complex intra/extra-oral repair.

ii. This is further complicated by the use of popular dental alloys as the copings or frameworks for these dental porcelains such as nickel chrome and silver-palladium, which have been documented to ensue cytotoxic reactivity with the intraoral epithelial mucous membrane soft tissue contact zones, leading to cervical erosion, pocket formation, degradation of the interdentinal papillae and loss of periodontal ligature attachment, accelerating mobility and jeopardizing the overall stability of tooth structural-architectural ergonomics.

iii. The underlying metallic substructure lack of aesthetic quality or tooth color matching ability necessitates greater tooth structure compromise in order to plunge the metallic collar of the crown restoration, yielding a cervical margin below the gingival gum-tissue line, sub gingival. This leads to further bio-interaction at the sulcus with perio-ligature deterioration and poor hygienic maintenance due to inaccessibility to tooth brushing and dentifrice activity.

iv. These factors collectively are of great ramification when such materials, dental porcelain, are used in implant prosthodontics. Especially in single implants and the more popular immediate loading techniques, where the shock absorbing, high toughness, form and functional maintenance coupled with superb aesthetics of the semi-crystalline poly-ceram nano-reinforced DiamondCrown technology rivals any dental porcelain titanium implant superstructure. This is of great importance in particularly frail osseo integration transitional implant-prosthesis (crown) loading periods that will dictate the eventual success rate of the implant prosthesis integration and maintenance thereof.

Further, in complicated cases where temporomadibular joint disorder is prevalent and eventual characteristic tooth bruxism and jaw-clenching phenomena are evident, the semi-crystalline DiamondCrown technology, serves its purpose par excellence as the restorative of choice for occlusal rehabilitation. Whereby the shock-absorbing, cyclic masticatory energy dissipating special micro morphology of the crystalline lamellae leads to a micro elastic behavior, the reinforcing poly-ceram interdendritic structure allows for macro rigidity and architectural stability in spite of the tormented occlusal disappropriation. Further, enhanced by the ability to repair and maintain intra-orally opposed to the standard of the industry, dental gold.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: Would it be advisable to undertake specific training before using the new restorative materials?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: Yes, training and education is a key factor in disseminating the proper methodology and operative techniques affiliated with this new generation of materials. The learning curve associated with the older generation metallurgical materials, from an intra-oral placement care point of view, is not very steep, so in order to become more adept at this type of restorative dentistry, it is very important to hold clinics, workshops and get-togethers or even chair-side practical workshops to bring about greater awareness as to what is the proper either surgical, operative or technical protocols that bring about a higher chair-side success rate, their corresponding clinical indications and material ramifications.

(Question) New York Cosmetic Dentist Dr. Judy Johnson: Who would conduct these workshops?

(Answer) Samuel Waknine DDS: We actually conduct these workshops with an entire team of technologists, clinicians and scientists. We go from country to country and attempt to help generate a greater awareness of the proper clinical methodologies associated with advanced biomaterials chemical engineering. That’s what brings about the real success in this restorative science – the education.

By: Judy Johnson DDS

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Tattoo sleeves: Attitude without needle

brandon4568 asked:

while getting my 8th tattoo of a atv chain around my left bicep i had a irresistable urge to sneeze, i piched my nose held my breth , everything! but just when i relaxed before i could get him to stop i sneezed so hard i cause him to fall out of line with the transfer about 3/4 of an inch long outside the tat. the next day i came in and he went over the spot with witch hazel and instructed me not to put tattoo goo on that portion of my arm. its not in a very visible spot( almost in my arm pit) but i know its there and want a way to either fade it out or remove it without having to get it burnt off with a lazer…. any suggestions on how to do this other than not to sneeze!

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J asked:

I’ve been looking into getting my large multicolored tattoo removed. I’ve heard good and bad things about the new medlite c6 lasers. Anyone have any personal experience with it with laser removal on a multicolored tattoo?

Tattoo sleeves: Attitude without needle